Germany
net importerAbout 40% of imports arrive via the TAL pipeline from Trieste to refineries in Bavaria and Baden. After 2022 Russian crude was replaced by Norway, the USA and Kazakhstan.
How much oil?
Imports 1.7 million barrels of crude a day – one supertanker a day. There is practically no domestic production; crude imports cover 77% of fuel consumption, the rest is refined products and biofuels.
Where does it come from?
| Supplier | share | thousand b/d |
|---|---|---|
| Norway | 18% | 306 |
| USA | 17% | 287 |
| Kazakhstan | 13% | 213 |
| United Kingdom | 10% | 165 |
| Libya | 9% | 149 |
| Guyana | 5% | 87 |
| Iraq | 4% | 66 |
| Nigeria | 3% | 49 |
| Azerbaijan | 2% | 36 |
| Saudi Arabia | 2% | 35 |
| other sources (not on the map) | 18% | 296 |
Which way?
- Turkish Straits13% of imports · 213
- Suez Canal / SUMED6% of imports · 101
- Strait of Hormuz4% of imports · 66
- Bab el-Mandeb4% of imports · 66
Real risk: Turkish Straits – 13% of imports this way. Turkey controls traffic under the Montreux Convention; winter fog and tanker queues.
Main port: Wilhelmshaven · Trieste (TAL)